Combinatorial encoded library technologies can provide a set of tools for discovering protein-targeting ligands (molecules) and for drug discovery. These techniques can accelerate ligand discovery by leveraging chemical diversity achievable through genetically encoded combinatorial libraries, for example, by combinatorial permutation of chemical building blocks. Although display technologies such as mRNA and phage display use biological translation machinery to produce peptide-based libraries, hits from these libraries often lack key drug-like properties, for example, cell permeability. This limitation can arise from the peptide backbone's inherent polarity and the tendency to select compounds with polar/charged side chains. Backbone N-methylation can increase scaffold lipophilicity in mRNA display; however, codon table constraints can necessitate longer sequences to fully utilize the available space.DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) offer an alternative approach towards discovering hits against drug targets. However, like other encoded library techniques, DELs face significant obstacles in affinity selections, which tend to enrich library members bearing polar and/or charged moieties, which can have low (poor) passive cell membrane permeability, especially in larger molecular weight libraries, resulting in hits with poor drug-like properties. This selection bias is especially problematic for larger constructs beyond the rule of 5, where fine-tuning lipophilicity can be critical. Furthermore, DNA-encoded libraries can be of low quality. Although algorithmic predictions of lipophilicity exist, these two-dimensional (2D) atomistic calculations cannot capture conformational effects exhibited by larger molecules like peptide macrocycles. Despite over a decade of DEL technology development, no method exists to measure physical properties of encoded molecules across an entire DNA-encoded library. That is, successful translation of hits from encoded library selections can be impeded by low quality libraries and enrichment of highly polar members which tend to have poor passive cell permeability, especially for larger molecular weight libraries.DELs are produced through split-pool synthesis with DNA barcoding to encode the building block of each chemical step. Although this approach can draw on a large number of building blocks and allow for the formation of non-peptidic libraries with a large number of members, synthetic challenges persist. The formation of DELs can be synthetically inefficient. Truncations multiply ( are compounded) throughout synthesis, reducing the representation of properly synthesized constructs. Although strategies to improve library purity, to enable reaction monitoring for macrocycle formation, and to identify problematic chemistry affecting DNA tag amplification may be applied, a direct method for assessing DEL quality on a library-wide basis has yet to be developed.