A major aim of the field of cryptography is to design cryptosystems that is both provably secure and practical. Symmetric-key (private-key) methods have traditionally been viewed as practical in terms of typically a smaller key size, which means less storage requirements, and also faster processing. This, however, opens the protocols up to certain vulnerabilities, such as brute-force attacks. To reduce risk, the cryptographic keys are made longer, which in turn adds overhead burden and makes the scheme less practical. One-time pad (OTP) is a symmetric-type encryption technique that cannot be cracked, but requires the use of a single-use pre-shared key that is larger than or equal to the size of the message being sent. In this technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret key (also referred to as OTP). Asymmetric-type (public-key, asymptotic) frameworks use pairs of keys consisting of a public and private key, and these models depend heavily on the privacy of the non-public key. Asymmetric-based protocols are generally much slower than symmetric approaches in practice. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol which is the backbone of internet security uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol stack in Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for secure and private data transfer. TLS is a protocol suite that uses a myriad of other protocols to guarantee security. Many of these subprotocols consume a lot of CPU power and are complex processes which are not optimized for big data applications. TLS uses public-key cryptography paradigms to exchange the keys between the communicating parties through the TLS handshake protocol. Unfortunately, traditional cryptographic algorithms and protocols (including schemes above and incorporating TLS, RSA, and AES) are not well suited in big data applications, as they need to perform a significant number of computations in practice. In turn, cloud providers face increasing CPU processing times and power usage to appropriately maintain services. In the modern computing era with quantum architecture and increased access to network and cloud resources, the speed and integrity of such outmoded cryptographic models will be put to the test.

A major aim of the field of cryptography is to design cryptosystems that is both provably secure and practical. Symmetric-key (private-key) methods have traditionally been viewed as practical in terms of typically a smaller key size, which means less storage requirements, and also faster processing. This, however, opens the protocols up to certain vulnerabilities, such as brute-force attacks. To reduce risk, the cryptographic keys are made longer, which in turn adds overhead burden and makes the scheme less practical. One-time pad (OTP) is a symmetric-type encryption technique that cannot be cracked, but requires the use of a single-use pre-shared key that is larger than or equal to the size of the message being sent. In this technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret key (also referred to as OTP). Asymmetric-type (public-key, asymptotic) frameworks use pairs of keys consisting of a public and private key, and these models depend heavily on the privacy of the non-public key. Asymmetric-based protocols are generally much slower than symmetric approaches in practice. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol which is the backbone of internet security uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol stack in Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for secure and private data transfer. TLS is a protocol suite that uses a myriad of other protocols to guarantee security. Many of these subprotocols consume a lot of CPU power and are complex processes which are not optimized for big data applications. TLS uses public-key cryptography paradigms to exchange the keys between the communicating parties through the TLS handshake protocol. Unfortunately, traditional cryptographic algorithms and protocols (including schemes above and incorporating TLS, RSA, and AES) are not well suited in big data applications, as they need to perform a significant number of computations in practice. In turn, cloud providers face increasing CPU processing times and power usage to appropriately maintain services. In the modern computing era with quantum architecture and increased access to network and cloud resources, the speed and integrity of such outmoded cryptographic models will be put to the test.

A major aim of the field of cryptography is to design cryptosystems that is both provably secure and practical. Symmetric-key (private-key) methods have traditionally been viewed as practical in terms of typically a smaller key size, which means less storage requirements, and also faster processing. This, however, opens the protocols up to certain vulnerabilities, such as brute-force attacks. To reduce risk, the cryptographic keys are made longer, which in turn adds overhead burden and makes the scheme less practical. One-time pad (OTP) is a symmetric-type encryption technique that cannot be cracked, but requires the use of a single-use pre-shared key that is larger than or equal to the size of the message being sent. In this technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret key (also referred to as OTP). Asymmetric-type (public-key, asymptotic) frameworks use pairs of keys consisting of a public and private key, and these models depend heavily on the privacy of the non-public key. Asymmetric-based protocols are generally much slower than symmetric approaches in practice. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol which is the backbone of internet security uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol stack in Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for secure and private data transfer. TLS is a protocol suite that uses a myriad of other protocols to guarantee security. Many of these subprotocols consume a lot of CPU power and are complex processes which are not optimized for big data applications. TLS uses public-key cryptography paradigms to exchange the keys between the communicating parties through the TLS handshake protocol. Unfortunately, traditional cryptographic algorithms and protocols (including schemes above and incorporating TLS, RSA, and AES) are not well suited in big data applications, as they need to perform a significant number of computations in practice. In turn, cloud providers face increasing CPU processing times and power usage to appropriately maintain services. In the modern computing era with quantum architecture and increased access to network and cloud resources, the speed and integrity of such outmoded cryptographic models will be put to the test.

Networks of connectivity-enabled devices, known as internet of things or IoT, involve interrelated devices that connect and exchange data with other IoT devices and the cloud. As the number of IoT devices and their applications continue to significantly increase, managing and administering edge and access networks have become increasingly more challenging. Currently, there are approximately 31 billion ‘‘things’’ connected to the internet, with a projected rise to 75 billion devices by 2025. Because of IoT interconnectivity and ubiquitous device use, assessing the risks, designing/specifying what’s reasonable, and implementing controls can be overwhelming to conventional frameworks. Any approach to better IoT network security, for example by improved detection and denial or restriction of access by unauthorized devices, must consider its impact on performance such as speed, power use, interoperability, and scalability. The IoT network’s physical and MAC layers are not impenetrable and have many known threats, especially identity-based attacks such as MAC spoofing events. Common network infrastructure uses WPA2 or IEEE 802.11i to help protect users and their devices and connected infrastructure. However, the risk of MAC spoofing remains, as bad actors leverage public tools on 802.11 commodity hardware, or intercept sensitive data packets at scale, to access users physical layer data, and can lead to wider tampering and manipulation of hardware-level parameters.

Brief description not available

Brief description not available

A major aim of the field of cryptography is to design cryptosystems that are provably secure and practical. Factors such as integrity, confidentiality and authentication are important. Symmetric-key methods have traditionally been viewed as practical in terms of typically a smaller key size, which means less storage requirements, and also faster processing. This, however, opens the protocols up to certain vulnerabilities, such as brute-force attacks. To reduce risk, the cryptographic keys are made longer, which in turn adds overhead burden and makes the scheme less practical. Asymmetric-type frameworks use pairs of keys consisting of a public and private key, and these models depends heavily on the privacy of the non-public key. Asymmetric-based protocols are generally much slower than symmetric approaches. Symmetric-Asymmetric hybrid models have attempted to blend the speed and convenience of the public asymmetric encryption schemes with the effectiveness of a private symmetric encryption schemes. Examples of hybrids include GNU Privacy Guard, Advanced Encryption Standard-RSA, and Elliptical Curve Cryptography-RSA. In the modern computing era with quantum architecture and access to network and cloud resources on the rise, the integrity and confidentiality of such modern cryptographic models will increasingly be under pressure.

Brief description not available

Brief description not available

Researchers at the University of California, Davis have developed several blockchain paradigms that provide new approaches and expand on existing protocols to improve performance in large-scale blockchain implementations.

Researchers at UCI have developed a novel co-design methodology of hardware-software architecture used for protecting Hall sensors found in autonomous vehicles, smart grids, industrial plants, etc…, against spoofing attacks.There are currently no comprehensive measures in place to protecting Hall sensors.

With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), many applications run machine learning algorithms to perform cognitive tasks. The learning algorithms have been shown effectiveness for many tasks, e.g., object tracking, speech recognition, image classification, etc. However, since sensory and embedded devices are generating massive data streams, it poses huge technical challenges due to limited device resources. For example, although Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) such as AlexNet and GoogleNet have provided high classification accuracy for complex image classification tasks, their high computational complexity and memory requirement hinder usability to a broad variety of real-life (embedded) applications where the device resources and power budget is limited. Furthermore, in IoT systems, sending all the data to the powerful computing environment, e.g., cloud, cannot guarantee scalability and real-time response. It is also often undesirable due to privacy and security concerns. Thus, we need alternative computing methods that can run the large amount of data at least partly on the less-powerful IoT devices. Brain-inspired Hyperdimensional (HD) computing has been proposed as the alternative computing method that processes the cognitive tasks in a more light-weight way.  The HD computing is developed based on the fact that brains compute with patterns of neural activity which are not readily associated with numerical numbers. Recent research instead have utilized high dimension vectors (e.g., more than a thousand dimension), called hypervectors, to represent the neural activities, and showed successful progress for many cognitive tasks such as activity recognition, object recognition, language recognition, and bio-signal classification. 

Internet of Things ( IoT ) applications often analyze collected data using machine learning algorithms. As the amount of the data keeps increasing, many applications send the data to powerful systems, e.g., data centers, to run the learning algorithms . On the one hand, sending the original data is not desirable due to privacy and security concerns.On the other hand, many machine learning models may require unencrypted ( plaintext ) data, e.g., original images , to train models and perform inference . When offloading theses computation tasks, sensitive information may be exposed to the untrustworthy cloud system which is susceptible to internal and external attacks . In many IoT systems , the learning procedure should be performed with the data that is held by a large number of user devices at the edge of Internet . These users may be unwilling to share the original data with the cloud and other users if security concerns cannot be addressed.

UCLA researchers in the Department of Mathematicshave developed a method to maintain data privacy.

Researchers led by Dr. Potkonjak from the UCLA Department of Computer Science have developed a technique to detect hardware Trojans in integrated circuits.

Researchers from the Department of Communication at UCLA have developed a system for identifying and eliminating clickbait from social media.

UCLA researchers in the Department of Computer Science have developed a new privacy preserving mechanism for stream analytics.

As society becomes more and more complicated, we have also developed ways to analyze and solve some of these complexities via the convergence of the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive science and neuroscience. What has emerged is the development of machine learning, which allows computers to improve automatically through experience. Thus, developers working on artificial intelligence (AI) systems have come forth to align AI with machine-learning algorithms to cover a wide variety of machine-learning problems. The most advanced of these are called supervised learning methods which form their predictions via learned mapping, which can include decision trees, logistic regression, support vector machines, neural networks and Bayesian classifiers. More recently, deep networks have emerged as multilayer networks involved in a number of applications, such as computer vision and speech recognition. A practical concern in the rush to adopt AI as a service is the capability to perform model protection: AI models are usually trained by allocating significant computational resources to process massive amounts of training data. The built models are therefore considered as the owner’s intellectual property (IP) and need to be protected to preserve the competitive advantage.

Just-in-time compilation is a method of executing computer code which, while boasting superior execution times, is prone to security exploits. UCI researchers have developed librando, a software framework for increasing security for just-in-time compilers, ensuring that generated program code is not predictable to an attacker.

A collaboration between UCLA and Rutgers have developed a novel information flow tracking technique to detect potential data leaks in mobile devices.

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Additive layer manufacturing systems, also known as 3D printers, are a powerful tool for manufacturers in both rapid prototyping stage and full-scale production. Sensitive intellectual property is carried in the electronic information of the design files utilized by 3D printers. However, the physical characteristics of the machine in operation, including power, temperature, sounds, and motion can also reveal sensitive information that could be used to reverse-engineer a product. The inventors at UCI have demonstrated the threat posed by such side-channel attacks, and have developed countermeasures that obscure information which would otherwise be exposed during printer operation.

UCLA researchers in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Physics and Astronomy have developed a novel method to lithograph two polished solid surfaces by using a simple mechanical alignment jig with piezoelectric control and a method of pressing them together and solidifying a material.

Researchers at the University of California, Davis have developed an innovative synthesis approach to achieve high anisotropy L1 FeNi by combining physical vapor deposition and a high speed rapid thermal annealing (RTA).

Brief Description: UCR researchers have developed an innovative multifunctional on-chip sensor for comprehensive detection of counterfeited ICs. Their original on-chip invention could measure usage age via electromigration, but they have improved upon the accuracy of this readout by implementing antifuse memory block and combining two aging sensors: RO-based and EM-based. To enhance security even further, they applied corresponding post-fabrication methods of registering ICs with unique IDs so that activation can only occur once matched up to the ID embedded in the antifuse memory component.