Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is an emerging scanning probe technique that enables non-contact, nanoscale measurement of local complex permittivity. By integrating an ultrasensitive, phase-resolved microwave sensor with a near-field probe, MIM has made significant contributions to diverse fundamental and applied fields. These include strongly correlated and topological materials, two-dimensional and biological systems, as well as semiconductor, acoustic, and MEMS devices. Concurrently, notable progress has been made in refining the MIM technique itself and broadening its capabilities. However, existing literature has focused exclusively on linear MIM based on homodyne architectures, where reflected or transmitted microwave is demodulated and detected at the incident frequency. As such, linear MIM lacks the ability to probe local electrical nonlinearity, which is widely present, for example, in dielectrics, semiconductors, and superconductors. Elucidating such nonlinearity with nanoscale spatial resolution would provide critical insights into semiconductor processing and diagnostics as well as fundamental phenomena like local symmetry breaking and phase separation.       To address this shortcoming, UC Berkeley researchers have introduced a novel methodology and apparatus for performing multi-harmonic MIM to locally probe electrical nonlinearities at the nanoscale. The technique achieves unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution in characterizing complex materials. It encompasses both hardware configurations enabling multi-harmonic data acquisition and the theoretical and calibration protocols to transform raw signals into accurate measures of intrinsic nonlinear permittivity and conductivity. The advance extends existing linear MIM into the nonlinear domain, providing a powerful, versatile, and minimally invasive tool for semiconductor diagnostics, materials research, and device development.

      Pebble bed reactors (PBRs) are an emerging advanced nuclear reactor design where fuel pebbles constantly circulate through the core, as opposed to housing static fuel assemblies, generating numerous advantages including the ability for online refueling versus expensive shutdowns. Online refueling is overall beneficial but poses an operation challenge in that the pebbles must be measured and analyzed for burnup characteristics very quickly (in under 40 seconds), without much time to cool down, challenging the high Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors historically used for burnup measurements. HPGe detectors can normally only be operated up to tens of thousands of counts per second, far below radiation rates from freshly discharged fuel, and are therefore operated at large distances from sources, with significant shielding. Only a small fraction of detected counts comes from burnup markers, yielding high uncertainty, or can be completely masked by effects of Compton scattering within the detectors.      To overcome the challenges of using HGPe detectors to measure burnup in continuously fueled reactors, UC Berkeley researchers have developed a novel technology capable of measuring gamma rays within a fine energy ranges and without the interference of Compton scattering. The device is also significantly cheaper than HPGe detectors and offers a reduced detector footprint. Nuclides including but not limited to Np-239, Eu-156, and Zr-95 can be measured and analyzed for burnup, path information through the core, and fast and thermal fluence. Furthermore, precise measurement of the Np-239 content provides better data for reactor safeguard purposes. The technology offers meaningful improvements in measurement accuracy, footprint, and cost, for PBRs and other continuously fueled reactors, such as molten salt reactors (MSRs).

      Poorly designed healthcare environments can increase patient stress and delay recovery, particularly in pediatric settings (see, e.g., Devlin & Andrade 2017; Park et al. 2018; Jafarifiroozabadi et al. 2023). Traditional methods for gathering architectural design feedback, such as interviews, surveys, and focus groups, rely heavily on subjective user input, and often fail to capture the voices of children by relying on parent proxies. Physical mock-ups, a common alternative to traditional methods, provide a full-scale model of a room or space, often constructed from materials like cardboard or foam. While these mock-ups allow for some degree of spatial exploration, they are time-intensive, and limited in their ability to replicate real-world conditions; high-fidelity mock-ups which incorporate more realistic materials and finishes add expense and limit flexibility for testing multiple design iterations.       To overcome these challenges UC Berkeley researchers have developed an innovative participatory design methodology that leverages advanced virtual reality (VR), eye-tracking, and physiological/emotional biofeedback technologies to evaluate the design of pediatric healthcare environments. This comprehensive system is further enhanced by custom-developed workflows for creating dynamic, interactive room simulations that are randomized to ensure rigorous, unbiased data collection. The methodology is uniquely capable of gathering objective, quantifiable data on how pediatric patients and their families respond physiologically and emotionally to specific environmental design features.

Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) measurements of individual ions using either Orbitrap or electrostatic ion trap-based instruments have heretofore been performed under ultra-high vacuum conditions (10-9 Torr or lower). The rationale for this expensive and often cumbersome requirement is that these measurements need to be performed in an environment where collisions with background gas do not adversely affect the measurements.  UC Berkeley researchers have developed systems and methods  that enable accurate CDMS mass measurements at pressures that are as high as 1 × 10−4 Torr, multiple orders of magnitude higher than previously demonstrated. Consistent, accurate masses were obtained for pentameric antibody complexes (~800 kDa), adeno-associated viruses (~4.8 MDa), and both ~50 and ~100 nm diameter polystyrene nanoparticles (~35 MDa and ~330 MDa, respectively) at pressures ranging from 1 × 10−8 Torr to 1 × 10−6 Torr. 

      The demand for miniaturized power electronics with increased efficiency and performance motivates the exploration of piezoelectric structures as alternative passive components; piezoelectric components store energy in mechanical compliance and inertia with extremely high quality factors and energy densities significantly greater than those of magnetics at small scales. Recent magnetic-less dc-dc converter designs based on single-port piezoelectric resonators (PRs) have demonstrated power stage efficiencies of 99% and PR power handling densities of up to 5.7 kW/cm3. While marking tremendous milestones, such performance has only been achieved in non-isolated dc-dc converters with mild (2:1) voltage conversion ratios, confining the utility of piezoelectric-based power conversion to a narrow subset of applications.       Piezoelectrics may be expanded to a broader set of applications through use of multi-port piezoelectric transformers (PTs), which offer the same advantages as PRs but with the added potential for galvanic isolation and inherent voltage transformation. The present invention overcomes standing performance shortcomings in isolated magnetic-less PT-based dc-dc converters, providing a framework for high-efficiency piezoelectric transformer (PT) designs (wherein isolated PTs serve as the primary passive components in isolated dc-dc converters). One of the proposed PT designs is validated in a dc-dc power converter prototype and demonstrates a peak efficiency of 97.5%. The measured performance represents a 17x reduction in loss ratio compared to previous isolated magnetic-less PT-based dc-dc converter designs, and expands the value of piezoelectrics to applications requiring isolation.

      Biologics are antibodies produced by genetically engineered cells and are widely used in therapeutic applications. Examples include pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and atezolizumab (Tecentriq), both employed in cancer immunotherapy as checkpoint inhibitors to restore T- cell immune responses against tumor cells. These biologics are produced by engineered cells in bioreactors in a process that is highly sensitive to the bioreactor environment, making it essential to integrate process analytical technologies (PAT) for closed-loop, real-time adjustments. Recent trends have focused on leveraging integrated circuit (IC) solutions for system miniaturization and enhanced functionality, for example enabling a single IC that monitors O2, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), temperature, and glucose levels. However, no current technology can directly and continuously quantify the concentration and quality of the produced biologics in real-time within the bioreactor. Such critical measurements still rely on off-line methods such as immunoassays and mass spectrometry, which are time-consuming and not suitable for real- time process control.       UC Berkeley researchers have developed a microsystem for real-time, in-vivo monitoring of antibody therapeutics using structure-switching aptamers by employing an integrator-based readout front-end. This approach effectively addresses the challenge of a 100× reduction in signal levels compared to the measurement of small-molecule drugs in prior works. The microsystem is also uniquely suited to the emerging paradigm of “living pharmacies.” In living pharmacies, drug-producing cells will be hosted on implantable devices, and real-time monitoring of drug production/diffusion rates based on an individual’s pharmokinetics will be crucial.

      Current clinical practice for detecting low-concentration molecular biomarkers requires sending samples to centralized labs, leading to high costs and delays. Successful point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology exist, such as the paper-based lateral-flow assay (LFA) used for pregnancy tests and SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests, or miniaturized instruments such as the Abbot i-Stat Alinity. However, the former provides binary results or limited quantitative accuracy, and the latter is too expensive for in-home deployment. A promising approach for POC diagnostics, offering tailored circuit optimization, multiplexed detection, and significant cost and size reductions, is millimeter-sized CMOS integrated circuits coupled with microfluidics. Recent demonstrations include protein, DNA/RNA, and cell detection. The current complexity of system packaging (e.g., wire/flip-chip bonding) makes integrating microfluidics with more sophisticated functions challenging, and often-required syringe pumps and tubing are operationally unfriendly, limiting current approaches.       UC Berkeley researchers have developed a fully integrated, multi-mode POC device that requires single-step assembly and operates autonomously. Drawing inspiration from RFID technology and implantables, they have introduced inductively-coupled wireless powering and communication functionality into a CMOS bio-analyzer. With the chip being fully wireless, the die can be easily integrated into a substrate carrier, achieving a completely flat surface that allows for seamless bonding with the microfluidic module. In the final product, the device will be sealed in a pouch inside a vacuum desiccator. The user tears the pouch, adds a drop of sample, and the system automatically begins operation. The operation window can last up to 40 minutes, making the process insensitive to time delays. The present CMOS bio-analyzer integrates pH-sensing and amperometric readout circuits for both proton-based and redox-based immunoassays.

      Integrating microelectronics with microfluidics, especially those implemented in silicon-based CMOS technology, has driven the next generation of in vitro diagnostics. CMOS/microfluidics platforms offer (1) close interfaces between electronics and biological samples, and (2) tight integration of readout circuits with multi-channel microfluidics, both of which are crucial factors in achieving enhanced sensitivity and detection throughput. Conventionally bulky benchtop instruments are now being transformed into millimeter-sized form factors at low cost, making the deployment for Point-of-Care (PoC) applications feasible. However, conventional CMOS/microfluidics integration suffers from significant misalignment between the microfluidics and the sensing transducers on the chip, especially when the transducer sizes are reduced or the microfluidic channel width shrinks, due to limitations of current fabrication methods.       UC Berkeley researchers have developed a novel methodology for fabricating microfluidics platforms closely embedded within a silicon chip implemented in CMOS technology. The process utilizes a one-step approach to create fluidic channels directly within the CMOS technology and avoids the previously cited misalignment. Three types of structures are presented in a TSMC 180-nm CMOS chip: (1) passive microfluidics in the form of a micro-mixer and a 1:64 splitter, (2) fluidic channels with embedded ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) and Hall sensors, and (3) integrated on-chip impedance-sensing readout circuits including voltage drivers and a fully differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA). Sensors and transistors are functional pre- and post-etching with minimal changes in performance. Tight integration of fluidics and electronics is achieved, paving the way for future small-size, high-throughput lab-on-chip (LOC) devices.

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals is achieved using radiofrequency, or RF, coils. RF coils are often equivalently called “resonance coils” due to their circuitry being engineered for resonance at a single frequency being received, for low-noise voltage gain and performance. However, such coils are therefore limited to a small bandwidth around the center frequency, restricting MRI systems from imaging more than one type of nucleus at a time (typically just hydrogen-1, or H1), at one magnetic field strength.To overcome the inherent restriction without sacrificing performance, UC Berkeley researchers have developed an MRI coil that can perform low-noise voltage gain at arbitrary relevant frequencies. These frequencies can be programmably chosen and can include magnetic resonance signals from any of various nuclei (e.g., 1H, 13C, 23Na, 31P, etc.), at any magnetic field strength (e.g., 50 mT, 1.5T, 3T, etc.). The multi-frequency resonance can be performed in a single system. The invention has further advantages in terms of resilience due to its decoupled response relative to other coils and system elements.

      The demand for power electronics with smaller volumes, lighter weights, and lower cost has motivated ongoing investigation into alternative power passive component technologies. Miniaturization of power converters is bottlenecked by magnetics, whose power densities fundamentally reduce at small scales. Capacitors exhibit much more favorable densities at small sizes, but efficient voltage regulation and galvanic isolation are difficult to achieve without magnetics. Therefore piezoelectric components have emerged as compelling alternative passive components for power electronics. However,  their high-performance capabilities have been limited to applications of high load impedance due to the high characteristic of piezoelectric resonators (PRs) themselves.       To overcome this challenge, UC Berkeley researchers have developed novel piezoelectric resonator (PR) designs based on overtones, with enhanced power densities and reduced optimal load impedances. The overtone PRs have been demonstrated to have comparable efficiency to fundamental-mode PRs, while their capabilities for power handling density and lower optimal load impedances are increased. Use of overtone PRs can expand the utility of piezoelectrics to a wider scope of power electronics.

As the density and performance of electronics continues to increase, thermal challenges have become a primary concern. Removing heat from electronic components can be extremely challenging, given their small size, electrical activity, and mechanical constraints. This necessitates the design of cooling solutions for a wide variety of electronic designs in applications such as datacenters, renewables, aircraft, etc. To address this problem, researchers at UC Berkeley have developed a thermal test vehicle (TTV) for characterizing the performance of electronics cooling solutions under a wide variety of operating conditions. All of the TTV circuitry required to perform measurements and temperature estimations can be included on one printed circuit board (PCB). This represents a simple, highly flexible approach for thermal test vehicle design. The overall size of the array can be scaled to any desired amount. This novel TTV represents a simple, highly flexible approach for thermal test vehicle design. Furthermore, its use of standard commercial electronic components allows for a vast reduction in cost compared to existing commercial solutions.

      While robots have proven effective in enhancing the precision and time efficiency of MRI-guided interventions across various medical applications, safety remains a formidable challenge for robots operating within MRI environments. As the robots assume full control of medical procedures, the reliability of their operation becomes paramount. Precise control over robot forces is particularly crucial to ensure safe interaction within the MRI environment. Furthermore, the confined space in the MRI bore complicates the safe operation of human-robot interaction, presenting challenges to maneuverability. However, there exists a notable scarcity of force-controlled robot actuators specifically tailored for MRI applications.       To overcome these challenges, UC Berkeley researchers have developed a novel MRI-compatible rotary series elastic actuator module utilizing velocity-sourced ultrasonic motors for force-controlled robots operating within MRI scanners. Unlike previous MRI-compatible SEA designs, the module incorporates a transmission force sensing series elastic actuator structure, while remaining compact in size. The actuator is cylindrical in shape with a length shorter than its diameter and integrates seamlessly with a disk-shaped motor. A precision torque controller enhances the robustness of the invention’s torque control even in the presence of varying external impedance; the torque control performance has been experimentally validated in both 3 Tesla MRI and non-MRI environments, achieving a settling time of 0.1 seconds and a steady-state error within 2% of its maximum output torque. It exhibits consistent performance across low and high external impedance scenarios, compared to conventional controllers for velocity-sourced SEAs that struggle with steady-state performance under low external impedance conditions.

      Goniophotometers measure the luminance distribution of light emitted or reflected from a point in space or a material sample. Increasingly there is a need for such measurements in real-time, and in real-world situations, for example, for daylight monitoring or harvesting in commercial and residential buildings, design and optimization of greenhouses, and testing laser and display components for AR/VR and autonomous vehicles, to name a few. However, current goniophotometers are ill-suited for real-time measurements; mechanical scanning goniophotometers have a large form factor and slow acquisition times. Parallel goniophotometers take faster measurements but suffer from complexity, expense, and limited angular view ranges (dioptric angular mapping systems) or strict form factor and sample positioning requirements (catadioptric angular mapping systems). Overall, current goniophotometers are therefore limited to in-lab environments.      To overcome these challenges, UC Berkeley researchers have invented an optical sensor  for parallel goniophotometry that is compact, cost-effective, and capable of real-time daylight monitoring. The novel optical design addresses key size and flexibility constraints of current state-of-the-art catadioptric angular mapping systems, while maximizing the view angle measurement at 90°. This camera-like, angular mapping device could be deployed at many points within a building to measure reflected light from fenestrations, in agricultural greenhouses or solar farms for real-time monitoring, and in any industry benefitting from real-time daylight data.

      Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has become a foundational method for determining seismic design levels and conducting regional seismic risk analyses for insurance risk analysis, governmental hazard mapping, critical infrastructure planning, and more. PSHA traditionally relies on two computationally intensive approaches: Riemann Sum and conventional Monte Carlo (MC) integration. The former requires fine slices across magnitude, distance, and ground motion, and the latter demands extensive synthetic earthquake catalogs. Both approaches become notably resource intensive for low-probability seismic hazards, where achieving a COV of 1% for a 10−4 annual hazard probability may require 108 MC samples.       UC Berkeley researchers have developed an Adaptive Importance Sampling (AIS) PSHA, a novel framework to approximate optimal importance sampling (IS) distributions and dramatically reduce the number of MC samples to estimate hazards. Efficiency and accuracy of the proposed framework have been validated against Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) PSHA benchmarks covering various seismic sources, including areal, vertical, and dipping faults, as well as combined types. Seismic hazards are calculated up to 3.7×104 and 7.1×103 times faster than Riemann Sum and traditional MC methods, respectively. Coefficients of variation (COVs) are below 1%. Enhanced “smart” AIS PSHA variants are also available that outperform “smart” implementations of Riemann Sum by a factor of up to 130.

Optical atomic clocks have taken a giant leap in recent years, with several experiments reaching uncertainties at the 10−18 level. The development of synchronized clock networks and transportable clocks that operate in extreme and distant environments would allow clocks based on different atomic standards or placed in separate locations to be compared. Such networks would enable relativistic geodesy, tests of fundamental physics, dark matter searches, and more. However, the leading neutral-atom optical clocks operate on wavelengths of 698 nm (Sr) and 578 nm (Yb). Light at these wavelengths is strongly attenuated in optical fibers, posing a challenge to long-distance time transfer. Those wavelengths are also inconvenient for constructing the ultrastable lasers that are an essential component of optical clocks. To address this problem, UC Berkeley researchers have developed a new, laser-cooled neutral atom optical atomic clock that operates in the telecommunication wavelength band. The leveraged atomic transitions are narrow and exhibit much smaller black body radiation shifts than those in alkaline earth atoms, as well as small quadratic Zeeman shifts. Furthermore, the transition wavelengths are in the low-loss S, C, and L-bands of fiber-optic telecommunication standards, allowing the clocks to be integrated with robust laser technology and optical amplifiers. Additionally, the researchers have identified magic trapping wavelengths via extensive studies and have proposed approaches to overcome magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. Together, these features support the development of fiber-linked terrestrial clock networks over continental distances.

         Recent advancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have underscored the need for novel instrumentation, but current commercial instrumentation performs well primarily for pre-existing, mainstream applications. Modalities involving, in particular, integrated electron-nuclear spin control, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), and non-traditional NMR pulse sequences would benefit greatly from more flexible and capable hardware and software. Advances in these areas would allow many innovative NMR methodologies to reach the market in the coming years.          To address this opportunity, UC Berkeley researchers have developed a novel high-speed, high-memory NMR spectrometer and hyperpolarizer. The device is compact, rack-mountable and cost-effective compared to existing spectrometers. Furthermore, the spectrometer features robust, high-speed NMR transmit and receive functions, synthesizing and receiving signals at the Larmor frequency and up to 2.7GHz. The spectrometer features on-board, phase-sensitive detection and windowed acquisition that can be carried out over extended periods and across millions of pulses. These and additional features are tailored for integrated electron-nuclear spin control and DNP. The invented spectrometer/hyperpolarizer opens up new avenues for NMR pulse control and DNP, including closed-loop feedback control, electron decoupling, 3D spin tracking, and potential applications in quantum sensing.

      Quantum sensing is rapidly reshaping our ability to discern chemical processes with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Many quantum sensors are based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, with nanodiamonds (NDs) providing a promising approach to chemical quantum sensing compared to single crystals for benefits in cost, deployability, and facile integration with the analyte. However, high-precision chemical quantum sensing suffers from large statistical errors from particle heterogeneity, fluorescence fluctuations related to particle orientation, and other unresolved challenges.      To overcome these obstacles, UC Berkeley researchers have developed a novel microfluidic chemical quantum sensing device capable of high-precision, background-free quantum sensing at high-throughput. The microfluidic device solves problems with heterogeneity while simultaneously ensuring close interaction with the analyte. The device further yields exceptional measurement stability, which has been demonstrated over >103s measurement and across ~105 droplets.  Greatly surpassing the stability seen in conventional quantum sensing experiments, these properties are also resistant to experimental variations and temperature shifts. Finally, the required ND sensor volumes are minuscule, costing only about $0.63 for an hour of analysis. 

         Recent mass evacuation events, including the 2018 Camp Fire and 2023 Maui Fire, have demonstrated shortcomings in our communication abilities during natural disasters and emergencies. Individuals fleeing dangerous areas were unable to obtain fast or accurate information pertaining to open evacuation routes and faced traffic gridlocks, while nearby communities were unprepared for the emergent situation and influx of persons. Climate change is increasing the frequency, areas subject to, and risk-level associated with natural hazards, making effective communication channels that can operate when mobile network-based systems and electric distribution systems are compromised crucial.         To address this need UC Berkeley researchers have developed a mobile network-free communication system that can function during natural disasters and be adapted to most communication devices (mobile phones and laptops). The self-organized, mesh-based and low-power network is embedded into common infrastructure monitoring device nodes (e.g., pre-existing WSN, LoRa, and other LPWAN devices) for effective local communication. Local communication contains dedicated Emergency Messaging and “walkie-talkie” functions, while higher level connectivity through robust gateway architecture and data transmission units allows for real-time internet access, communication with nearby communities, and even global connectivity. The system can provide GPS-free position information using trilateration, which can help identify the location of nodes monitoring important environmental conditions or allowing users to navigate.

UC Berkeley researchers have developed several methods that take advantage of all of the information contained in ion signals in charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS). Unlike most conventional types of mass spectrometry (MS), which rely on mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) measurements of ensembles of ions, CDMS instead makes direct measurements of the mass of individual ions. CDMS has recently gained significant popularity in the analysis of large biomolecules, nanoparticles, and nanodroplets because it is one of very few methods that can characterize these analytes. State-of-the-art CDMS instruments incorporate ion traps and signals from individual trapped ions are used to find the mass, charge, and energy of these ions. Previously used techniques have used Fourier transform (FT)-based analyses, but only use the fundamental and/or second harmonic frequency and amplitude as the basis of the measurement. The significant additional information contained in the higher order harmonic frequencies and amplitudes of the ion signal is fully utilized in the novel methods comprising this invention and large improvements in measurement uncertainties are realized as a result. 

 The dynamic patterning of 3D optical point clouds has emerged as a key enabling technology in volumetric processing across a number of applications. In the context of biological microscopy, 3D point cloud patterning is employed for non-invasive all-optical interfacing with cell ensembles. In augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), near-eye display systems can incorporate virtual 3D point cloud-based objects into real-world scenes, and in the realm of material processing, point cloud patterning can be mobilized for 3D nanofabrication via multiphoton or ultraviolet lithography. Volumetric point cloud patterning with spatial light modulators (SLMs) is therefore widely employed across these and other fields. However, existing hologram computation methods, such as iterative, look-up table-based and deep learning approaches, remain exceedingly slow and/or burdensome. Many require hardware-intensive resources and sacrifices to volume quality.To address this problem, UC Berkeley researchers have developed a new, non-iterative point cloud holography algorithm that employs fast deterministic calculations. Compared against existing iterative approaches, the algorithm’s relative speed advantage increases with SLM format, reaching >100,000´ for formats as low as 512x512, and optimally mobilizes time multiplexing to increase targeting throughput. 

Hyperspectral imaging, the practice of capturing detailed spectral (color) information from the output of an optical instrument such as a microscope or telescope, is useful in biological and astronomical research and in manufacturing. In addition to being bulky and expensive, existing hyperspectral imagers typically require scanning across a specimen, limiting temporal resolution and preventing dynamic objects from being effectively imaged. Snapshot methods which eliminate scanning are limited by a tradeoff between spatial and spectral resolution.In order to address these problems, researchers at UC Berkeley have developed a hyperspectral imager which can be attached to the output of any benchtop microscope. The imager is compact (about 6-inches), and can achieve a higher spatial resolution than traditional snapshot imagers. Additionally, this imager needs only one exposure to collect measurements for an arbitrary number of spectral filters, giving it unprecedented spectral resolution.

This invention is designed to monitor and analyze cardiovascular health data in real-time. The system comprises a user device equipped with cardiac sensors to detect and record cardiovascular data from a patient. This data, along with the patient's demographic information, is transmitted to a cloud-based platform where it is analyzed by a machine learning model. The model classifies the cardiovascular data and sends the classification results to healthcare workers for further action. This innovative system represents a significant advancement in the field of cardiovascular health monitoring, leveraging modern technology to enhance patient care and streamline healthcare processes.

Dynamic patterning of light is used in a variety of applications in imaging and projection. This is often done by spatial light modulation, in which a coherent beam of input light is modified at the pixel level to create arbitrary output patterns via later interference. Traditional approaches to spatial light modulation suffer from a high operating burden, especially as the number of pixels increases, and incomplete coverage of the optical surface. This results in high device complexity, and cost, as well as enormous real-time computation requirements, reduced optical performance, and optical artifacts.To address these problems, researchers at UC Berkeley have developed a method for wiring groups of pixels, such as annular rings, parallel strips, or radial strips. This takes advantage of the fact that most spatial light modulation tasks can be accomplished by combining a number of simple “primitive phase profiles”, in which not all pixels need be independent of each other. In this co-wiring method, individual optical elements remain at the pixel level, but are wired together in a way that they move in precisely the coordinated manner to produce one of these primitive phase profiles. This allows for high frame rates, high coverage of the optical plane, and a degree of sensitivity impossible to produce with large, geometric optical elements that exist in prior art.

Dynamic patterning of light is used in a variety of applications in imaging and projection. This is often done by spatial light modulation, in which a coherent beam of input light is modified at the pixel level to create arbitrary output patterns via later interference. Traditional approaches to spatial light modulation suffer from a fundamental restriction on frame rate which has led manufacturers to seek the diminishing returns of continually increasing pixel number, resulting in impractical device sizes, complexity, and cost, as well as enormous real-time computation requirements. Additionally, these devices inherently produce monochromatic and speckled frames due to the requirement that the input beam be coherent.To address these problems, researchers at UC Berkeley have developed a device which can perform spatial light modulation with a frame rate ~20 times higher than existing technologies. This allows for a smaller number of pixels to produce high resolution, full color images by interleaving images of different colors and scanning rapidly across a screen in a similar way to the operation of CRT televisions Researchers have also developed an efficient and robust fabrication method, which combined with the smaller pixel number of these devices could cause them to be much more cost effective than existing technologies.

This invention pertains to novel compositions comprising hydroxamate-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These frameworks are synthesized using hydroxamate ligands that coordinate with metal ions to form porous, crystalline structures. The unique properties of these MOFs make them highly versatile and applicable in various industrial and environmental processes. By enabling efficient pollutant removal and water harvesting, hydroxamate-based MOFs contribute to sustainable environmental practices. This disclosure highlights the potential of hydroxamate-based metal-organic frameworks to revolutionize various industrial and environmental applications through their unique properties and versatile uses.