The primary therapeutic goal in female pelvic medicine is to restore normal pelvic floor function. Despite this, the current standard treatments are 5 compensatory, as they do not directly target sphincteric and supportive muscle dysfunction and do not reverse the existing injury or halt functional deterioration. Surgical treatments, such as muscle transplantation and transposition techniques, have had some success; however, there still exists a need for alternative therapies. Tissue engineering approaches offer potential new solutions; however, current options offer incomplete regeneration. Many naturally derived as well as synthetic materials have been explored as scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering, but none offer a complex mimic of the native skeletal extracellular matrix, which possesses important cues for cell survival, differentiation, and migration. The extracellular matrix consists of a complex tissue-specific network of proteins and polysaccharides, which help regulate cell growth, survival and differentiation.Despite the complex nature of native ECM, in vitro cell studies traditionally assess cell behavior on single ECM component coatings, thus posing limitations on translating findings from in vitro cell studies to the in vivo setting. Overcoming this limitation is important for cell-mediated therapies, which rely on cultured and expanded cells retaining native cell behavior over time.Skeletal muscles are composed of bundles of highly oriented and dense muscle fibers, each a multinucleated cell derived from myoblasts. The muscle fibers in native skeletal muscle are closely packed together in an extracellular three dimensional matrix to form an organized tissue with high cell density and cellular orientation to generate longitudinal contraction. Skeletal muscle can become dysfunctional due to a variety of different factors including trauma, atrophy or degeneration.The reconstruction of skeletal muscle, which is lost by injury, tumor resection, or various myopathies, is limited by the lack of functional substitutes.  

Transgenic mouse models that develop spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas have proven valuable in revealing molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and metastasis . Models target specific pathways depending on the transgene being expressed under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR) or whey acid protein (WAP) mammary gland promoters and thereby replicate genetic defects in subsets of human tumors.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder that occurs when endometrial cells from the uterus grow ectopically resulting in endometrial tissue implants. Endometrial tissue implants may occur on the ovaries, bowel, rectum, bladder, on lining of the pelvic area and other locations. Unlike endometrial cells located in the uterus, tissue implants remain following menstruation and may continue to grow during successive menstruation cycles. Endometriosis may lead to pain, irregular bleeding and infertility. Endometriosis may be diagnosed between ages 25 – 35, but the condition may also initiate about the time when regular menstruation begins. As symptoms are not always evident, early diagnosis may assist with improved treatment outcome. The current gold standard for diagnosing endometriosis is invasive laparoscopy visual inspection, preferably with histological confirmation. There is a need for non-surgical or minimally-invasive diagnostic methods. Accordingly, biomarkers for endometriosis may be useful alternatives to monitor progression of this disorder, or to tailor treatment to achieve optimal medical management of the disease.